DUNDULANYÄ. Swadesh, Leipzig-Jakarta and other lists

This page gives Dundulanyä translations for some of the most common lexicostatistic and other types of wordlists. Colexifications in the source language(s) which correspond to more than a single Dundulanyä word are treated as multiple entries called Na, Nb and so on.

Swadesh list

No.	English	Dundulanyä	Notes
1	1SG pronoun (I, me)	yuna	Dundulanyä pronouns are, effectively, an open class, yuna is only one of a range of possible first person pronouns.
2	2SG pronoun (you)	kata	kata is the informal second person pronoun, however, there are multiple ways of referring to people, most notably the given name or a hypocoristic, which are all more common than the bare pronoun. See also the notes about yuna above.
3	3SG pronoun (he/she/it/him/her)	multiple possible translations	Dundulanyä lacks a morphological third person pronoun, but has all the possibilities given by the open class nature of Dundulanyä pronouns. See also the notes about kata and yuna above.
4	1PL pronoun (we)	yunai	Dundulanyä pronouns are, effectively, an open class, yunai is only one of a range of possible first person pronouns. See the notes for the entries above.
5	2PL pronoun (you)	cītai	cītai is the informal second person pronoun, however, there are multiple ways of referring to people all more common than the bare pronoun. See the notes for the entries above.
6	3PL pronoun (they/them)	multiple possible translations	Dundulanyä lacks a morphological third person pronoun, but has all the possibilities given by the open class nature of Dundulanyä pronouns. See the notes for the entries above.
7	this	hine
8a	that (medial)	hunu	See the section about Dundulanyä syntax, Demonstratives and correlatives.
8b	that (distal)	āna
9	here	hiyo
10a	there (medial)	huyo	See the section about Dundulanyä syntax, Demonstratives and correlatives.
10b	there (distal)	āyo
11	who?	bekana?
12	what?	bena?
13	where?	beyo?
14	when?	bevet?
15	how?	belīce?
16a	not	idu	Nominal or copular negation, also used as interjection.
16b	not	va	Verbal negation, used together with the irrealis marker -g-.
17	all	yaiva
18	many	taili
19	some	sora
20	few	ṣubha
21	other	viṣam
22	one	emibe
23	two	rirä
24	three	kiṅka
25	four	nälte
26	five	śulka
27	big, large	spāndah (√spānd-, 0)
28	long	mūrmah (√mūrm-, 0)
29	wide	śudhah (√śudh-, VII)	Also meaning "broad".
30	thick	śudhah (√śudh-, VII)	Also meaning "broad".
31	heavy	ūṭṇah (√ūṭṇ-, 0)
32	small	ñeɂah (√ñeɂ-, II)
33	short	hehah (√heh-, II)
34	narrow	śombrah (√śombr-, III)
35	thin	śombrah (√śombr-, III)
36	woman	huline	Also used for "female".
37	man	ṭarghe	Also used for "male".
38	human being	lila
36	woman	huline	Also used for "female".
37	man	ṭarghe	Also used for "male".
40	wife	lalāba
41	husband	śuthah	Ṛ-stem noun.
42	mother	amamū
43	father	atabū, batū
44	animal	irāḍe	Irregular plural irāḍai.
45	fish	lūḍah	Ṛ-stem noun.
46	bird	gūṇa
47	dog	śārepa
48	louse	ṭaḍhah
49	snake	māruḍa
50	worm	ṭūlu
51	tree	jñu
52	forest	nanai
53	stick	ṭuṇṭa
54	fruit	dambu
55	seed	dūdha
56	leaf	nūlya
57	root	läñca
58	bark (of a tree)	ṇīṭah	Also used for "skin, hide" (see entry #62).
59	flower	lulya
60	grass	korale
61	rope	p̃aḫana
62	skin, hide	ṇīṭah	Also used for "(tree) bark" (see entry #58).
63	meat	mädhram	Also "flesh, body" (for animals, including humans), and "pulp" (for fruits and vegetables).
64	blood	ūvṛṣam
65	bone	ḍulṭhe	Also means "pit, stone of a fruit", as part of a general extension of words to cover flora and fauna.
66	fat (noun)	ḍotvi	Plurale tantum
67	egg	tiɂle
68	horn	sīkhe
69	tail	ämbu
70	feather	b̃ukuɂa
71	hair	sūmi	Head hair only; plurale tantum.
72	head	bumbi
73	ear	p̃agu	In poetry also hindnūlya.
74	eye	meśiḫe
75	nose	śñīya
76	mouth	tima
77	tooth	yasmam
78	tongue (organ)	glipya	Not used, not even poetically, for "language", which is ḫamfa.
79	nail, fingernail	mbiɂu
80	foot	junai
81	leg	nādah
82	knee	denśe
83	hand	häɂli
84	wing	bhugra
85	belly	p̃älke
86	guts	kāraṇḍhai	Plurale tantum.
87	neck	śvīra
88	back	joraṇa
89	breast	b̃amu	Singulare tantum.
90	heart	tuḫḫe
91	liver	ṭarke
92	to drink	laṭah (√laṭ-, I, zero grade alṭ-)
93	to eat	yamah (√yam-, I)
94	to bite	remah (√rem-, II)
95	to suck	mūpah (√mūp-, 0)
96	to spit	qetah (√qet-, II)
97	to vomit	yoklah (√yolk-, III)	Also used is the intensive form of "to spit", i.e. aiqetah.
98	to blow	śuṭah (√śuṭ-, VII)	Also used for "to play a wind instrument".
99	to breathe	śanah (√śan-, I)
100	to laugh	thäɂlah (√thäɂl-, V)
101	to see	meśah (√meś-, II)
102	to hear	hendah (√hend-, II)
103	to know	śodah (√śod-, III)
104	to think	nelih (√nely-, II)
105	to smell	śläpah (√śläp-, V)
106	to fear	ḫärdah (√ḫärd-, V)
107	to sleep	khānah (√khān-, 0)
108	to live	lelah (√lel-, II)
109	to die	kredhah (√kredh-, III)
110	to kill	kredhonah (√kredh-on-, III)	Causative of kredhah.
111	to fight	ḫograh (√ḫogr-, III)
112	to hunt	śajah (√śaj-, 0)
113	to hit, beat	tuḫah (√tuḫ-, VII)
114	to cut	gosah (√gos-, III)
115	to split	yāḍhah (√yāḍh-, 0)
116	to stab	toṅgah (√toṅg-, III)
117	to scratch	secah (√sec-, II)
118	to dig	liṣpah (√liṣp-, VI)
119	to swim	läpsah (√läps-, V)
120	to fly	gerah (√ger-, II)
121	to walk	loh (√lon-, irr.)
122	to come	any verb used for "to go" with the cislocative prefix s(a)-.
123	to lie	-oṭah (√-oṭ-, III)	For the class including people, dolls, plush toys, pets and farm animals. See the section about positional-classificatory verbs for more details.
124	to sit	-kavah (√-ko-, III)
125	to stand	-dayah (√-de-, II)
126	to turn (intransitive)	r̃ip̃ah (√r̃ip̃-, VI)
127	to fall	kreh (√kre-, II)	Also emphatically idakreh (id-√kre-, II) "to fall down".
128	to give	multiple possible translations	Dundulanyä forms verbs meaning "to give" by using positional-classificatory verbs together with the dative suffixes.
129	to hold	multiple possible translations	Dundulanyä uses positional-classificatory verbs of the "to carry in the hands/arms" type to mean "to hold".
130	to squeeze	soh (√so-, III)	Also "to press, clutch".
131	to rub	tajñah (√tajñ-, 0)
132	to wash	roh (√ro-, III)
133	to wipe	leśuh (√leśv-, II)	Also used for "to play a bowed string instrument".
134	to pull	multiple possible translations	Dundulanyä has a specific class of positional-classificatory verbs meaning "to pull, drag".
135	to push	norah (√nor-, III)
136	to throw	multiple possible translations	Dundulanyä has a specific class of positional-classificatory verbs meaning "to throw".
137	to tie	vṛḍah (√vṛḍ-, VIII)
138	to sew	mälḍah (√mälḍ-, V)
139	to count	smoḍah (√smoḍ-, III)
140	to say	nayah (√ne-, II)
141	to sing	khorah (√khor-, III)
142a	to play (a game)	boɂah (√boɂ-, III)
142b	to play (music: a wind instrument)	śuṭah (√śuṭ-, VII)
142c	to play (music: a bowed string instrument)	leśuh (√leśv-, II)
143a	to float (on water)	jäthah (√jäth-, V)
143b	to float (in the air)	yojih (√yojy-, III)
144	to flow	droṭah (√droṭ-, III)
145a	to freeze (intransitive)	śūjhāṭah (śūs-√jhāṭ-, 0)
145b	to freeze (transitive)	(√droṭ-, III)	Causative of ścindah "I am cold (to the touch)".
146	to swell	bhaṭah (√bhaṭ-, I)
147	sun	dāvan
148	moon	hūlya, taɂona	Eventoa has two moons: Hūlya is the greater and Taɂona the lesser one.
149	star	eme	E-stem noun.
150	water	maila
151	rain	daśa
152	river	maita
153	lake	naṅgaḍu
154	sea	jarya
155	salt	nāṃra
156	stone, rock	tūre
157	sand	chlūba
158a	dust	paɂe
158b	dust (powder, something ground)	ṛśuce
159	earth (soil)	b̃īla
160	cloud	māyoba
161	fog	yāmyah
162	sky	laire	Also meaning "air", "day" and, in limited contexts, "weather".
163	wind	śūṭ (root noun, VII)
164	snow	p̃älga
165	ice	ḍaṃla
166	smoke	fūthe
167	fire	jāpa śūrake	Dundulanyä distinguishes "good", non-dangerous fire (such as fire in a hearth, or used for cooking), jāpa, from "bad", dangerous and harmful fire, śūrake.
168	ash	m̃āku
169	to burn (intr.)	kaṣah (√kaṣ-, 0)
170	road	līlta ūnima
171	mountain	ñūye
172	red	ūnika
173	green	bhāca
174	yellow	chlīm̃a (golden yellow) khañja (bright yellow	Dundulanyä distinguishes two shades of yellow as distinct colors.
175	white	pāṇḍa
176	black	śyūda
177	night	lalēni
178	day	laire	Also meaning "air", "sky" and, in limited contexts, "weather".
179	year	naṃśāla
180a	warm (ambient)	śārah (√śār-, I)
180b	warm (to the touch)	papṣah (√papṣ-, 0)
181a	cold (ambient)	jhāṭah (√jhāṭ-, 0)
181b	cold (to the touch)	ścindah (√ścind-, VI)
182	full	smorah (√smor-, III)	Also meaning "entire, whole, sound".
183	new	mīldah (√mīld-, 0)
184a	old	geṇṭhah (√geṇṭh-, II)	Animate, i.e. "old, not young".
184b	old	borgah (√borg-, III)	Inanimate, i.e. "old, not new".
185	good	umūm
186	bad	kroṭah (√kroṭ-, III)	Also meaning "ugly" and, for food, "rotten".
187	rotten	kroṭah (√kroṭ-, III)	See above.
188	dirty	yūrṣah (√yūrṣ-, 0)
189	straight	mäṭah (√mäṭ-, V)
190	round	närdah (√närd-, V)
191	sharp	lijlah (√lijl-, VI)
192	dull	koṇḍhah (√koṇḍh-, III)
193	smooth	tanah (√tan-, I)	Irregular zero grade tā-.
194	wet	nītrah (√nītr-, 0)
195	dry	käṣah (√käṣ-, V)
196	correct	fählah (√fähl-, 0)	See also fä "yes; true, correct" and the emphatic fäfä.
197	near	puṣṭah (√puṣṭ-, 0)	Adverbially, the ū(b)- locative prefix.
198	far	ṭarbah (√ṭarb-, IV)	Adverbially, the viṣ- locative prefix.
199	right	māha- locative prefix
200	left	vyā- locative prefix
201	at	ta- and, more broadly, other locative prefixes
202	in	gā- locative prefix
203	with	vai
204	and	-t and -cu nominal clitics; itta non-clitic conjunction; -ṅ (-no, emph. nāṅ) verbal clitics
205	if	See the grammar section on conditional sentences.
206	because	-āp (āpa); mäne
207	name	rañjiḫe

Leipzig-Jakarta list

No.	English	Dundulanyä	Notes
1	fire	jāpa śūrake	Dundulanyä distinguishes "good", non-dangerous fire (such as fire in a hearth, or used for cooking), jāpa, from "bad", dangerous and harmful fire, śūrake.
2	nose	śñīya
3	to go	many possible translations, loh (√lon-, irr.) has the widest meaning	Dundulanyä is a satellite-framed language without a single root for "to go". √lon-, meaning "to walk", is the one most easily extended to abstract meanings, but does not cover all the variety expressed with "to go" in English or other Western European languages.
4	water	maila
5	mouth	tima
6	tongue	glipya	Not used, not even poetically, for "language", which is ḫamfa.
7	blood	ūvṛṣam
8	bone	ḍulṭhe	Also means "pit, stone of a fruit", as part of a general extension of words to cover flora and fauna.
9	2SG pronoun (you)	kata	kata is the informal second person pronoun, however, there are multiple ways of referring to people, most notably the given name or a hypocoristic, which are all more common than the bare pronoun. See also the notes about yuna below.
10	root	läñca
11	to come	any verb used for "to go" with the cislocative prefix s(a)-.	See the note about entry no. 3 "to go".
12	breast	b̃amu	Singulare tantum.
13	rain	daśa
14	1SG pronoun (me)	yuna	Dundulanyä pronouns are, effectively, an open class, yuna is only one of a range of possible first person pronouns.
15	name	rañjiḫe
16	louse	ṭaḍhah
17	wing	bhugra
18	flesh, meat	mädhram	Also "body" (for animals, including humans), and "pulp" (for fruits and vegetables).
19a	arm	m̃ukar̃e
19b	hand	häɂli
20	fly	biṣe
21	night	lalēni
22	ear	p̃agu	In poetry also hindnūlya.
23	neck	śvīra
24	far	ṭarbah (√ṭarb-, IV)
25	to do, make	darah (√dar-, IV)
26	house	täte	Also "home".
27	stone, rock	tūre
28	bitter	śpeṭah (√śpeṭ-, II)
29	to say	nayah (√ne-, II)
30	tooth	yasmam
31	hair	sūmi	Head hair only; plurale tantum.
32	big, large	spāndah (√spānd-, 0)
33	one	emibe
34	who?	bekana?
35	3SG pronoun (he/she/it/him/her)	multiple possible translations	Dundulanyä lacks a morphological third person pronoun, but has all the possibilities given by the open class nature of Dundulanyä pronouns. See also the notes about kata and yuna above.
36	to hit, beat	tuḫah (√tuḫ-, VII)
37a	leg	nādah
37b	foot	junai
38	horn	sīkhe
39	this	hine
40	fish	lūḍah	Ṛ-stem noun.
41	yesterday	ṣṭhīṭaṅ
42	to drink	laṭah (√laṭ-, I, zero grade alṭ-)
43	black	śyūda
44	navel	jāṃrya
45	to stand	-dayah (√-de-, II)	For the class including people, dolls, plush toys, pets and farm animals. See the section about positional-classificatory verbs for more details.
46	to bite	remah (√rem-, II)
47	back	joraṇa	"Back" as in the part of the body.
48	wind	śūṭ (root noun, VII)
49	smoke	fūthe
50	what?	bena?
51	child	epena
52	egg	tiɂle
53	to give	multiple possible translations	Dundulanyä forms verbs meaning "to give" by using positional-classificatory verbs together with the dative suffixes.
54	new	mīldah (√mīld-, 0)
55	to burn (intr.)	kaṣah (√kaṣ-, 0)
56a	not	idu	Nominal or copular negation, also used as interjection.
56b	not	va	Verbal negation, used together with the irrealis marker -g-.
57	good	umūm
58	to know	śodah (√śod-, III)
59	knee	denśe	Also used for "elbow".
60	sand	chlūba
61	to laugh	thäɂlah (√thäɂl-, V)
62	to hear	hendah (√hend-, II)
63	soil	b̃īla
64	leaf	nūlya
65	red	ūnika
66	liver	ṭarke
67	to hide	kardah (√kard-, IV)
68	skin, hide	ṇīṭah	Also used for "(tree) bark".
69	to suck	mūpah (√mūp-, 0)
70	to carry	multiple possible translations	See the section on positional-classificatory verbs.
71	ant	meṇḍa
72	heavy	ūṭṇah (√ūṭṇ-, 0)
73	to take	multiple possible translations	Dundulanyä forms verbs meaning "to take" by using positional-classificatory verbs together with the ablative affix.
74a	old	geṇṭhah (√geṇṭh-, II)	Animate, i.e. "old, not young".
74b	old	borgah (√borg-, III)	Inanimate, i.e. "old, not new".
75	to eat	yamah (√yam-, I)
76	thigh	grīṇa	Colexified with "hip" and "buttock".
77a	thick	śudhah (√śudh-, VII)	Thick, not slim; also meaning "broad", "wide" (see entry #96).
77b	thick	ḍerah (√ḍer-, II)	Thick, not sparse; also meaning "dense", "opaque".
78	long	mūrmah (√mūrm-, 0)
79	to blow	śuṭah (√śuṭ-, VII)	Also used for "to play a wind instrument".
80	wood	jñū	"Wood" as in the material. A plurale tantum, lexicalized form of jñu "tree".
65	red	ūnika
81	to run	nonah (√nun-, III)
82	to fall	kreh (√kre-, II)	Also emphatically idakreh (id-√kre-, II) "to fall down".
83	eye	meśiḫe
84	ash	m̃āku
85	tail	ämbu
86	dog	śārepa
87	to cry, weep	delah (√del-, II)
88	to tie	vṛḍah (√vṛḍ-, VIII)
89	to see	meśah (√meś-, II)
90	sweet	chuyah (√chuy-, 0)	"Sweet" as in sweet-tasting.
91	rope	p̃aḫana
92	shade, shadow	prāmyatra
93	bird	gūṇa
94	salt	nāṃra
95	small	ñeɂah (√ñeɂ-, II)
96	wide	śudhah (√śudh-, VII)	Also meaning "broad", "thick (not slim)" (see entry #77a).
97	star	eme	E-stem noun.
98	in	plain locative case; gā- and hūm- locative prefixes.
99	hard	handah (√hand-, I)	Irregular zero grade hād-.
100	to crush, grind	ṛśvah (√ṛśv-, VIII)

Dolgopolsky list

No.	English	Dundulanyä	Notes
1	I, me	yuna	Dundulanyä pronouns are, effectively, an open class, yuna is only one of a range of possible first person pronouns.
2a	two	rirä
2b	pair	rirämita	"Pair" as in a pair of objects, inanimate things and, formally, animals. For humans and, informally or humorously, animals, the more appropriate word is kunap̃a "couple, duo, pair".
3	you (sg.)	kata	kata is the informal second person pronoun, however, there are multiple ways of referring to people, most notably the given name or a hypocoristic, which are all more common than the bare pronoun. See also the notes about yuna above.
4a	who	bekana?	Interrogative only; Dundulanyä uses nonreduced relative clauses, therefore there is no "who/what" relative pronoun.
4b	what	bena?
5	tongue	glipya	Not used, not even poetically, for "language", which is ḫamfa.
6	name	rañjiḫe
7	eye	meśiḫe
8	heart	tuḫḫe
9	tooth	yasmam
10a	no, not	idu	Nominal or copular negation, also used as interjection.
10b	no, not	va	Verbal negation, used together with the irrealis marker -g-.
11	nail, fingernail	mbiɂu
12	louse, nit	ṭaḍhah
13a	tears	dila	Singulare tantum.
13b	tear, teardrop	diltya	Singulative derivation from dila.
14	water	maila
15	dead	ikridha	ikridha is the conjugated, third person perfect indicative form of the root √kredh- "to die". "Dead person" as a noun is ikridhura.

First and second grade Kyōiku kanji

Earth-specific words – such as "yen" – or words where Dundulanyä culture leads the translation to be quite different semantically – such as "king" – have been respectively omitted and replaced by synonyms.

No.	English	Dundulanyä	Notes
1	one	emibe
2	two	rirä
3	three	kiṅka
4	four	nälte
5	five	śulka
6	six	tuɂla
7	seven	chīka
8	eight	mbula
9	nine	ḍor̃a
10	ten	tālda
11	hundred	trāṣoḍa	Dozenal hundred, i.e. 100₁₂ = 144₁₀
12	thousand	śāyāja	Dozenal thousand, i.e. 1,000₁₂ = 1,728₁₀
13	top, above	ni- and nayan- locative prefixes.
14	bottom, below	id- and diyan- locative prefixes.
15	left	vyā- locative prefix.
16	right	māha- locative prefix.
17a	inside	plain locative case; gā- and hūm- locative prefixes.
17b	middle	plain locative case; dū- and udhi- locative prefixes.
18	big, large	spāndah (√spānd-, 0)
19	small	ñeɂah (√ñeɂ-, II)
20a	month	asāna
20b	moon	hūlya, taɂona	Eventoa has two moons: Hūlya is the greater and Taɂona the lesser one.
21a	day	laire	Also meaning "air", "sky" and, in limited contexts, "weather".
21b	sun	dāvan
22	year	naṃśāla
23	early	sondah (√sond-, III)	"Early" as an adverb is sundi, while "soon" is the related tasundi.
24	tree	jñu
25	woods (forest)	nanai
26	mountain	ñūye
27	river	maita
28	soil	b̃īla
29a	sky	laire	Also meaning "air", "day" and, in limited contexts, "weather".
29b	empty	māgh (√māgh-, 0)
30	rice paddy	pauṣam
31	heaven, sky	anutu
32a	living (to live)	lelah (√lel-, II)
32b	birth	lībe	Less commonly līvu.
32c	to give birth, to be born	layah (√le-, II)
32d	raw	ām̃akah (√ām̃ak-, 0)
33	flower	lulya
34	grass	korale
35	insect(s)	saikṣumbai	A plurale tantum – collective noun – for insects.
36	dog	śārepa
37	person, human being	lila
38	name	rañjiḫe
39	female	huline	Also used for "woman".
40	male	ṭarghe	Also used for "man".
41	child	epena
42	eye	meśiḫe
43	ear	p̃agu	In poetry also hindnūlya.
44	mouth	tima
45	hand	häɂli
46a	foot	junai
46b	to suffice	maibu	A predicative undeclinable word.
47	to see	meśah (√meś-, II)
48	sound	yāṃsa	Also "phone", in linguistics.
49	power	haila
50a	spirit	śaniḫe
50b	air	laire	Also meaning "day", "sky" and, in limited contexts, "weather".
51	circle	närdibe
52	to enter	gā- locative prefix added to motion verbs.
53	to exit	kuḍ- locative prefix added to motion verbs	Depending on context, it can also be formed with the ablative motion marker -y- added to motion verbs with the gā- prefix (see entry #52).
54	to stand up	-dayonikah (√-de-on-ik-, II)	A causative verb with the -ik- reflexive voice marker.
55a	to rest	jayah (√je-, II)
55b	rest	jeta
56	previous; to precede	anudroṭah (anu-√droṭ-, III)
57	evening	śusva
58	book	naviṣya
59	text	ulūbhura
60	character	gūstya
61a	to study	udhilīdah (udhi-√līd-, 0)
61b	study	līddai	Plurale tantum; "study" as in a person's study, studies. Cf. lallalīddai, "higher studies", the name for both tertiary education, colleges and universities.
61c	study, knowledge	śodda	"Study" as in the study of something, a field of study; used as the head of compounds where it is roughly equivalent to the international suffix -logy.
62	school	yajapa	Less commonly śoddāmaha.
63	village	unuba
64	town	marta, ñeɂa marta	The word marta means "city"; there is no distinct (non-administrative) word for "town" as intermediate between "city" and "village", unless specified as ñeɂa marta "small city".
65	forest	nanai
66	correct	fählah (√fähl-, 0)	See also fä "yes; true, correct" and the emphatic fäfä.
67	water	maila
68	fire	jāpa śūrake	Dundulanyä distinguishes "good", non-dangerous fire (such as fire in a hearth, or used for cooking), jāpa, from "bad", dangerous and harmful fire, śūrake.
69a	jewel	nanai
69b	ball	nanai
70	chief, leader	śārah	Ṛ-stem. Also meaning "commander": it has a much broader meaning than the English terms, let alone "king" as in the source.
71	stone, rock	tūre
72	bamboo	chāṭi	Eventoan bamboo, but otherwise a fitting translation.
73	thread, string	bände
74	shellfish	r̃ūce
75	vehicle	kholūlte
76a	gold	havau
76b	money	śvaṅga
77	rain	daśa
78	red	ūnika
79	blue	kāmila
80	white	pāṇḍa

Dundulanyä wordlists

Swadesh list

Leipzig-Jakarta list

Dolgopolsky list

First and second grade Kyōiku kanji